{"id":33795,"date":"2025-05-16T07:04:43","date_gmt":"2025-05-16T07:04:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/?p=33795"},"modified":"2025-07-21T23:43:10","modified_gmt":"2025-07-21T23:43:10","slug":"minentransportstrasen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/mine-haul-roads\/","title":{"rendered":"Minentransportwege"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"33795\" class=\"elementor elementor-33795\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7370b238 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"7370b238\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7eee3c0d\" data-id=\"7eee3c0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-636ecb12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"636ecb12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-text_center   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/mine-haul-roads\" target=\"_blank\"><h1 class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">Mine Haul Roads<\/h1><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56b98523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-breadcrumb\" data-id=\"56b98523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-breadcrumb.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><ol class=\"ekit-breadcrumb\"><li class=\"ekit_breadcrumbs_start\"><a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\">Home<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60d958af elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"60d958af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-d0daba3 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/2025\/05\/16\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>Mai 16, 2025<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4431fadd e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4431fadd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28dd6891 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28dd6891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Executive Summary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67fc160a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67fc160a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/understanding-haul-roads\/\">mine haul road<\/a> network is a critical and vital component of mine operations. Truck haulage costs can account for up to 50% of the total operating costs incurred by a surface mine. Under-performance of a haul road will impact immediately on mine productivity and costs. Operations safety, productivity and equipment longevity are all dependent on well-designed, constructed and maintained haul roads.<\/p><p>Adopting Renolith nanotechnology in mine haul road construction or upgrade enables a thin, resilient and stiff pavement with multiple performance advantages. This can significantly reduce both capital costs and operational costs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bc5fb87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6bc5fb87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1632\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33824\" alt=\"Mine haul road surface - Unbound granular vs Nanoengineered with Renolith\" srcset=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith.png 1632w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith-1024x330.png 1024w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith-768x248.png 768w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith-1536x495.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c449ac0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c449ac0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mine Haul \u2013 Aims, Requirements &amp; Challenges<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a2bd43f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a2bd43f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Safe and efficient mine haul operations are essential to mine viability. There are many costs to consider:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c6e8fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7c6e8fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Road-User-Costs-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33800\" alt=\"Mine Haul \u2013 Road User Costs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Road-User-Costs-1.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Road-User-Costs-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Road-User-Costs-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Road-User-Costs-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Road-User-Costs-1-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7b0606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7b0606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 1: Components of Road User Costs (After Chatti &amp; Zaabar 2012)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9ce6aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9ce6aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With the right technology choices, it is possible to reduce <u>all<\/u> costs. For simplicity, we will focus on the most critical.<\/p><p>The running costs of heavy-duty mining equipment are strongly influenced by fuel consumption. Even the smallest improvement in fuel economy has a large impact on overall running cost.\u00a0 This also has a follow-on effect that the total pollution omitted can be reduced (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2015-26-0036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Roche &amp; Mammetti 2015<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b34b88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b34b88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/espace.curtin.edu.au\/handle\/20.500.11937\/36980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Haul Roads<\/a> Thompson outlines the key drivers for mine haul road design optimisation:<\/p><blockquote><p><em>The mine haul road network is a critical and vital component of the production process. As such, under-performance of a haul road will impact immediately on mine productivity and costs. <strong>Operations safety, productivity and equipment longevity<\/strong> are all <strong>dependent<\/strong> <strong>on well-designed, constructed and maintained haul roads<\/strong>.<br \/><\/em><br \/><strong><em>Truck haulage costs<\/em><\/strong><em> can account for up to <strong>50% of the total operating costs <\/strong>incurred by a surface mine and any savings generated from improved road design and management benefit the mining company directly as a reduced cost per tonne of material hauled. Central to the cost of truck hauling is the concept of rolling resistance (expressed here as a percentage of Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM)). It is a measure of the extra resistance to motion that a haul truck experiences and is influenced by tire flexing, internal friction and most importantly, wheel load and road conditions. Empirical estimations of <strong>rolling resistance<\/strong> based on tire penetration specify <strong>typically a 0.6% increase in rolling resistance per centimeter tire penetration into the road<\/strong>, over and above the 1.5% (radial and dual wheel assemblies) to 2% (cross-ply or single wheel assemblies) minimum resistance. In addition to tire penetration, <strong>road surface deflection<\/strong> or flexing will also generate <strong>similar results<\/strong>, with the truck tire running \u201cup-grade\u201d as the deflection wave pushes ahead of the vehicle. <\/em><\/p><\/blockquote><p>In simple terms, to achieve the most efficient mine, the aim is to minimise the total costs across construction, operations and maintenance by optimising rolling resistance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6391a7af elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6391a7af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"161\" src=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-Construction-and-Maintenance-of-Haul-Roads.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33801\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-Construction-and-Maintenance-of-Haul-Roads.png 1920w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-Construction-and-Maintenance-of-Haul-Roads-300x25.png 300w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-Construction-and-Maintenance-of-Haul-Roads-1024x86.png 1024w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-Construction-and-Maintenance-of-Haul-Roads-768x64.png 768w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Design-Construction-and-Maintenance-of-Haul-Roads-1536x129.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ff5cfaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ff5cfaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 2: Aim to minimise total costs by optimising rolling resistance<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a141380 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a141380\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/sear.unisq.edu.au\/29237\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A review on Australian mine haul road design procedures<\/a> Strack explains the relationships between rolling resistance, fuel use and vehicle operating costs. Fuel costs increase and production declines with increasing rolling resistance. Tyre penetration is mostly a function of the wearing course, whereas pavement deflection is governed by the stiffness of the base.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-439424a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"439424a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Rolling-Resistance.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33802\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Rolling-Resistance.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Rolling-Resistance-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Rolling-Resistance-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Rolling-Resistance-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Rolling-Resistance-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cb3661d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1cb3661d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 3: Mine Haul &#8211; Rolling Resistance<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd95f1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd95f1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A pavement is \u2018A road surface that can adequately support the weight of traversing traffic without excessive deterioration of the surface caused by the traffic.\u2019 (<a href=\"https:\/\/trid.trb.org\/View\/69865\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaufman &amp; Ault 1977<\/a>) A typical pavement consists of a wearing course, a base, subbase and subgrade layer. All layers work together to provide a suitable road.<\/p><p>The strains induced within flexible pavements are mostly elastic (i.e. recoverable) however, every vertical strain is not fully recoverable. Therefore, after many load repetitions permanent deformations accumulate at the subgrade level and throughout all pavement layers. These deformations may be seen in the form of rutting along the wheel path and surface roughness (<a href=\"https:\/\/austroads.gov.au\/resources\/documents\/supporting-documents\/webinars\/Austroads_Webinar-Pavement_Design_Guide_to_Pavement_Technology_Parts_2_and_4C.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jameson 2012<\/a>).<\/p><p>Unbound materials are susceptible to permanent deformation. In mine haul applications, multiple thick layers are required to disperse loads to the subgrade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51628f59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"51628f59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Stress-Distribution.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33803\" alt=\"Mine Haul \u2013 Stress Distribution\" srcset=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Stress-Distribution.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Stress-Distribution-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Stress-Distribution-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Stress-Distribution-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Stress-Distribution-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcb4bf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcb4bf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 4: Mine Haul &#8211; Stress Distribution<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c03ea5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76c03ea5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are many design methods available for mine-haul roads. This chart below shows the Kaufmen Aults method, which is a conservative mechanistic method. Note how thick the pavement subbase needs to be with unbound materials, especially if the subgrade is poor and the vehicles are heavy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a40709c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6a40709c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"962\" height=\"1186\" src=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/BMA-CBR-Design-Cover-Curve.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33823\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/BMA-CBR-Design-Cover-Curve.jpg 962w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/BMA-CBR-Design-Cover-Curve-243x300.jpg 243w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/BMA-CBR-Design-Cover-Curve-831x1024.jpg 831w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/BMA-CBR-Design-Cover-Curve-768x947.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 962px) 100vw, 962px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c1bae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55c1bae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 5: BMA CBR Design Cover Curve (BMA Projects Group 2012)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0b86c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0b86c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Various design methods<\/b><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Structural analysis (critical strains or stresses)<\/span><\/li><li>Kaufman and Ault\u2019s Method \u2013 Empirical CBR method<\/li><li>Ahlvin\u2019s Method \u2013 Thickness over Subgrade CBR<\/li><li>Tannant &amp; Regensburg\u2019s Method \u2013 Critical Strain \/ Resilient Modulus<\/li><li>Thompson\u2019s Method \u2013 Mechanistic<\/li><li>Austroads Sublayering<\/li><li>CIRCLY \u2013 layered elastic<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455dce60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"455dce60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>According to Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology Part 4A: Granular Base and Subbase Materials (<a href=\"https:\/\/austroads.gov.au\/publications\/pavement\/agpt04a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AGPT04A-24<\/a>):<\/p><blockquote><p><em>The functions of a granular subbase layer in a pavement are as follows:<\/em><\/p><ul><li><em>provide sufficient stiffness to distribute traffic loads transmitted through the pavement base, reducing their intensity to a level which will not cause excessive permanent deformation of the subgrade<\/em><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><em>provide a working platform on which base materials can be transported, placed and compacted to the required standards<\/em><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><em>depending on the pavement design requirements, drain the base and\/or protect the subgrade from moisture infiltration, e.g. the lower subbase may be relatively impermeable whilst the upper subbase may be more permeable provided it is constructed in conjunction with appropriate sub-surface drainage.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><p><em>\u00a0<br \/><\/em><em>The behaviour of granular materials in service is governed by many factors which are related to the following:<\/em><\/p><ul><li><em>the intrinsic properties of coarse particles, including hardness, surface friction and contamination, and the geological origin and history of the source rock from which the material is derived<\/em><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><em>manufactured aggregate properties such as particle shape, size and surface texture, particle size distribution, fractured faces, nature and quantity of fine particles, and fillers \u2013 these factors are related to processes used during manufacture to produce the final product<\/em><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><em>compacted layer properties such as density, moisture content and particle orientation, which are in turn related to the construction and compaction processes<\/em><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><em>boundary conditions such as in situ moisture and temperature regimes, and the stresses applied at the boundaries of the constructed pavement \u2013 these are external influences that will influence both short and long term behaviour.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c417023 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5c417023\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Material-Properties.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33805\" alt=\"Mine Haul \u2013 Material Properties\" srcset=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Material-Properties.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Material-Properties-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Material-Properties-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Material-Properties-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Material-Properties-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db5d84d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db5d84d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 6: Pavement Material Requirements<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c67dc49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c67dc49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To build an unbound granular haul road base asks a lot of the material properties. Sometimes suitable material is available near the mine, sometimes not.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616729 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"616729\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Wearing-course.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33806\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Wearing-course.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Wearing-course-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Wearing-course-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Wearing-course-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-Haul-\u2013-Wearing-course-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52436e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52436e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 7: Wearing course \u2013 requirements and conventional options<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b834114 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b834114\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The road surface is slightly different to the other pavement layers. Not only should it provide a comfortable (smooth) wearing course it should also take into consideration dust control, traction and rolling resistance. A good running surface will prevent increased vehicle and maintenance costs and assist the vehicle to safely traverse the designed route (<a href=\"https:\/\/sear.unisq.edu.au\/29237\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Strack, 2015<\/a>). All conventional options have significant limitations. \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e08e7d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e08e7d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nanoengineered Mine-Haul Roads<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-734e767 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"734e767\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cementitious stabilisation improves the strength of pavement materials and reduces pavement deflection. However, the tendency of cemented materials to crack from drying shrinkage imposes limitations on the design. Cemented materials enhanced by Renolith nanotechnology achieve better performance and tend not to crack, even with high cement content. See <a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/crack-free-roads\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/crack-free-roads\/.<\/a><\/p><p>This means that high strength heavily-bound base layers can be formed from a wide range of materials. The tensile strength, compressive strength and elastic modulus of Renolith-enhanced heavily bound materials is much higher than unbound or lightly bound materials. In a haul road application, this means that the pavement can simultaneously be thin, hard and stiff.<\/p><p>Thin pavements cost less to construct. Hard, stiff pavements have low tyre penetration, low deflection and low rolling resistance. Low rolling resistance means reduced operating costs.<\/p><p>Both capital and operational costs can be reduced.<\/p><p>Further, nanoengineering enables the wearing course, base course and subbase to be combined into a single monolithic layer. This further reduces costs, improves performance and addresses the key disadvantages of unbound compacted materials.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e51fa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e51fa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Table 1: Mine haul road surface &#8211; Unbound granular vs Nanoengineered<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3e70f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d3e70f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"330\" src=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith-1024x330.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33824\" alt=\"Mine haul road surface - Unbound granular vs Nanoengineered with Renolith\" srcset=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith-1024x330.png 1024w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith-768x248.png 768w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith-1536x495.png 1536w, https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Mine-haul-road-surface-Unbound-granular-vs-Nanoengineered-with-Renolith.png 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6d4e3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b6d4e3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79f0075a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79f0075a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The mine haul road network is a critical and vital component of mine operations. As such, under-performance of a haul road will impact immediately on mine productivity and costs. Operations safety, productivity and equipment longevity are all dependent on well-designed, constructed and maintained haul roads.<\/p><p>Adopting <a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/product\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Renolith nanotechnology<\/a> in mine haul road construction or upgrade enables a thin, resilient and stiff pavement with multiple performance advantages. This can significantly reduce both capital costs and operational costs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a66ae1 e-con-full e-flex wpr-particle-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4a66ae1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-652e4396 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button\" data-id=\"652e4396\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" >\t\t<div class=\"ekit-btn-wraper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal\" 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aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52508993 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"52508993\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-793437b4 premium-title-icon-row-reverse premium-title-color elementor-widget elementor-widget-premium-addon-title\" data-id=\"793437b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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class=\"premium-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTags\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a25e26 premium-tcloud__row elementor-widget elementor-widget-premium-tcloud\" data-id=\"58a25e26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;words_order&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;new_tab&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;colors_select&quot;:&quot;random-light&quot;,&quot;fsize_scale&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"premium-tcloud.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-container premium-tcloud-default\" data-chart=\"{&quot;wordsArr&quot;:[[&quot;Case study&quot;,9,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/case-study\\\/&quot;,&quot;Case study&quot;,9],[&quot;cementitious stabilisation&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/cementitious-stabilisation\\\/&quot;,&quot;cementitious stabilisation&quot;,1],[&quot;cementitious staiblisation&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/cementitious-staiblisation\\\/&quot;,&quot;cementitious staiblisation&quot;,1],[&quot;Cold Recycling&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/cold-recycling\\\/&quot;,&quot;Cold Recycling&quot;,1],[&quot;Conference&quot;,2,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/conference\\\/&quot;,&quot;Conference&quot;,2],[&quot;crack-free roads&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/crack-free-roads\\\/&quot;,&quot;crack-free roads&quot;,1],[&quot;fatigue cracking&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/fatigue-cracking\\\/&quot;,&quot;fatigue cracking&quot;,1],[&quot;Footpath&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/footpath\\\/&quot;,&quot;Footpath&quot;,1],[&quot;geopolymer&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/geopolymer\\\/&quot;,&quot;geopolymer&quot;,1],[&quot;geopolymer roads&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/geopolymer-roads\\\/&quot;,&quot;geopolymer roads&quot;,1],[&quot;Hardstand&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/hardstand\\\/&quot;,&quot;Hardstand&quot;,1],[&quot;haul road&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/haul-road\\\/&quot;,&quot;haul road&quot;,1],[&quot;Haul Roads&quot;,2,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/haul-roads\\\/&quot;,&quot;Haul Roads&quot;,2],[&quot;Low Cost Roads&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/low-cost-roads\\\/&quot;,&quot;Low Cost Roads&quot;,1],[&quot;Machinery&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/machinery\\\/&quot;,&quot;Machinery&quot;,1],[&quot;mine haul road&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/mine-haul-road\\\/&quot;,&quot;mine haul road&quot;,1],[&quot;mine haul roads&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/mine-haul-roads\\\/&quot;,&quot;mine haul roads&quot;,1],[&quot;Mining&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/mining\\\/&quot;,&quot;Mining&quot;,1],[&quot;Nanoengineering&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/nanoengineering\\\/&quot;,&quot;Nanoengineering&quot;,1],[&quot;nanomaterials&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/nanomaterials\\\/&quot;,&quot;nanomaterials&quot;,1],[&quot;nanotechnology&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/nanotechnology\\\/&quot;,&quot;nanotechnology&quot;,1],[&quot;News Articles&quot;,7,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/news-articles\\\/&quot;,&quot;News Articles&quot;,7],[&quot;Pathways&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/pathways\\\/&quot;,&quot;Pathways&quot;,1],[&quot;Pavement Failures&quot;,2,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/pavement-failures\\\/&quot;,&quot;Pavement Failures&quot;,2],[&quot;Potholes&quot;,5,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/potholes\\\/&quot;,&quot;Potholes&quot;,5],[&quot;Renolith Projects&quot;,5,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/projects\\\/&quot;,&quot;Renolith Projects&quot;,5],[&quot;Research and Developments&quot;,3,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/research-developments\\\/&quot;,&quot;Research and Developments&quot;,3],[&quot;road construction&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/road-construction\\\/&quot;,&quot;road construction&quot;,1],[&quot;road maintenance&quot;,2,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/road-maintenance\\\/&quot;,&quot;road maintenance&quot;,2],[&quot;Road Resilience&quot;,2,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/road-resilience\\\/&quot;,&quot;Road Resilience&quot;,2],[&quot;self-healing&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/self-healing\\\/&quot;,&quot;self-healing&quot;,1],[&quot;shrinkage cracking&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/shrinkage-cracking\\\/&quot;,&quot;shrinkage cracking&quot;,1],[&quot;Soil Stabilisation&quot;,4,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/soil-stabilisation\\\/&quot;,&quot;Soil Stabilisation&quot;,4],[&quot;Soil stabilization&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/soil-stabilization\\\/&quot;,&quot;Soil stabilization&quot;,1],[&quot;Sustainability&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/sustainability\\\/&quot;,&quot;Sustainability&quot;,1],[&quot;Sustainable Solutions&quot;,4,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/sustainable-solutions\\\/&quot;,&quot;Sustainable Solutions&quot;,4],[&quot;Unsealed Road&quot;,1,&quot;https:\\\/\\\/renolith.com.au\\\/de\\\/tag\\\/unsealed-road\\\/&quot;,&quot;Unsealed Road&quot;,1]]}\">\n\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-canvas-container\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"9\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/case-study\/\" title=\"Case study\" target=\"_blank\">Case study\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(9)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/cementitious-stabilisation\/\" title=\"cementitious stabilisation\" target=\"_blank\">cementitious stabilisation\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/cementitious-staiblisation\/\" title=\"cementitious staiblisation\" target=\"_blank\">cementitious staiblisation\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/cold-recycling\/\" title=\"Cold Recycling\" target=\"_blank\">Cold Recycling\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"2\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/conference\/\" title=\"Conference\" target=\"_blank\">Conference\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(2)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/crack-free-roads\/\" title=\"crack-free roads\" target=\"_blank\">crack-free roads\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/fatigue-cracking\/\" title=\"fatigue cracking\" target=\"_blank\">fatigue cracking\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/footpath\/\" title=\"Footpath\" target=\"_blank\">Footpath\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/geopolymer\/\" title=\"geopolymer\" target=\"_blank\">geopolymer\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/geopolymer-roads\/\" title=\"geopolymer roads\" target=\"_blank\">geopolymer roads\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/hardstand\/\" title=\"Hardstand\" target=\"_blank\">Hardstand\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/haul-road\/\" title=\"haul road\" target=\"_blank\">haul road\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"2\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/haul-roads\/\" title=\"Haul Roads\" target=\"_blank\">Haul Roads\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(2)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/low-cost-roads\/\" title=\"Low Cost Roads\" target=\"_blank\">Low Cost Roads\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/machinery\/\" title=\"Machinery\" target=\"_blank\">Machinery\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/mine-haul-road\/\" title=\"mine haul road\" target=\"_blank\">mine haul road\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/mine-haul-roads\/\" title=\"mine haul roads\" target=\"_blank\">mine haul roads\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/mining\/\" title=\"Mining\" target=\"_blank\">Mining\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/nanoengineering\/\" title=\"Nanoengineering\" target=\"_blank\">Nanoengineering\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/nanomaterials\/\" title=\"nanomaterials\" target=\"_blank\">nanomaterials\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/nanotechnology\/\" title=\"nanotechnology\" target=\"_blank\">nanotechnology\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"7\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/news-articles\/\" title=\"News Articles\" target=\"_blank\">News Articles\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(7)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/pathways\/\" title=\"Pathways\" target=\"_blank\">Pathways\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"2\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/pavement-failures\/\" title=\"Pavement Failures\" target=\"_blank\">Pavement Failures\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(2)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"5\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/potholes\/\" title=\"Potholes\" target=\"_blank\">Potholes\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(5)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"5\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/projects\/\" title=\"Renolith Projects\" target=\"_blank\">Renolith Projects\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(5)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"3\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/research-developments\/\" title=\"Research and Developments\" target=\"_blank\">Research and Developments\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(3)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/road-construction\/\" title=\"road construction\" target=\"_blank\">road construction\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"2\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/road-maintenance\/\" title=\"road maintenance\" target=\"_blank\">road maintenance\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(2)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"2\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/road-resilience\/\" title=\"Road Resilience\" target=\"_blank\">Road Resilience\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(2)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/self-healing\/\" title=\"self-healing\" target=\"_blank\">self-healing\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/shrinkage-cracking\/\" title=\"shrinkage cracking\" target=\"_blank\">shrinkage cracking\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"4\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/soil-stabilisation\/\" title=\"Soil Stabilisation\" target=\"_blank\">Soil Stabilisation\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(4)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/soil-stabilization\/\" title=\"Soil stabilization\" target=\"_blank\">Soil stabilization\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/sustainability\/\" title=\"Sustainability\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"4\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/sustainable-solutions\/\" title=\"Sustainable Solutions\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainable Solutions\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(4)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-tcloud-term-wrap\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-term\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"premium-tcloud-term-link\" data-weight=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/de\/tag\/unsealed-road\/\" title=\"Unsealed Road\" target=\"_blank\">Unsealed Road\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"premium-tcloud-number\">(1)<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-680b6060 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"680b6060\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-32975976\" data-id=\"32975976\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-12e4b451 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"12e4b451\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-287f9304\" data-id=\"287f9304\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a581c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-heading\" data-id=\"58a581c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" ><div class=\"ekit-heading elementskit-section-title-wraper text_left   ekit_heading_tablet-   ekit_heading_mobile-\"><div class=\"ekit-heading--title elementskit-section-title \">More Articles<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce6de37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-post-list\" data-id=\"ce6de37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-post-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" >\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items ekit-post-list-wrapper \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item   \">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/sustainable-road-infrastructure\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-arrow-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit_post_list_content_wraper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Sustainable Road Infrastructure: Using Recycled Materials in Road Construction<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item   \">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/soil-stabilisation-in-sustainable-mining\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-arrow-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit_post_list_content_wraper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Finding the Key to Sustainable Mining: The Role of Soil Stabilisation<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item   \">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/designing-mine-haul-roads\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-arrow-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit_post_list_content_wraper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Designing Mine Haul Roads: Precision, Performance, and Practicality on the Ground<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item   \">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/what-happens-when-haul-roads-are-ignored\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-arrow-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit_post_list_content_wraper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">What Happens When Haul Roads Are Ignored?<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item   \">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/renolith.com.au\/potholes-failing-infrastructure\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-arrow-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit_post_list_content_wraper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Why Potholes Are a Sign of Failing Infrastructure<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mine Haul Roads Home Executive Summary The mine haul road network is a critical and vital component of mine operations. Truck haulage costs can account for up to 50% of the total operating costs incurred by a surface mine. Under-performance of a haul road will impact immediately on mine productivity and costs. Operations safety, productivity and equipment longevity are all dependent on well-designed, constructed and maintained haul roads. Adopting Renolith nanotechnology in mine haul road construction or upgrade enables a thin, resilient and stiff pavement with multiple performance advantages. This can significantly reduce both capital costs and operational costs. Mine Haul \u2013 Aims, Requirements &amp; Challenges Safe and efficient mine haul operations are essential to mine viability. There are many costs to consider: Figure 1: Components of Road User Costs (After Chatti &amp; Zaabar 2012) With the right technology choices, it is possible to reduce all costs. For simplicity, we will focus on the most critical. The running costs of heavy-duty mining equipment are strongly influenced by fuel consumption. Even the smallest improvement in fuel economy has a large impact on overall running cost.\u00a0 This also has a follow-on effect that the total pollution omitted can be reduced (Roche &amp; Mammetti 2015). In Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Haul Roads Thompson outlines the key drivers for mine haul road design optimisation: The mine haul road network is a critical and vital component of the production process. As such, under-performance of a haul road will impact immediately on mine productivity and costs. Operations safety, productivity and equipment longevity are all dependent on well-designed, constructed and maintained haul roads.Truck haulage costs can account for up to 50% of the total operating costs incurred by a surface mine and any savings generated from improved road design and management benefit the mining company directly as a reduced cost per tonne of material hauled. Central to the cost of truck hauling is the concept of rolling resistance (expressed here as a percentage of Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM)). It is a measure of the extra resistance to motion that a haul truck experiences and is influenced by tire flexing, internal friction and most importantly, wheel load and road conditions. Empirical estimations of rolling resistance based on tire penetration specify typically a 0.6% increase in rolling resistance per centimeter tire penetration into the road, over and above the 1.5% (radial and dual wheel assemblies) to 2% (cross-ply or single wheel assemblies) minimum resistance. In addition to tire penetration, road surface deflection or flexing will also generate similar results, with the truck tire running \u201cup-grade\u201d as the deflection wave pushes ahead of the vehicle. In simple terms, to achieve the most efficient mine, the aim is to minimise the total costs across construction, operations and maintenance by optimising rolling resistance. Figure 2: Aim to minimise total costs by optimising rolling resistance In A review on Australian mine haul road design procedures Strack explains the relationships between rolling resistance, fuel use and vehicle operating costs. Fuel costs increase and production declines with increasing rolling resistance. Tyre penetration is mostly a function of the wearing course, whereas pavement deflection is governed by the stiffness of the base. Figure 3: Mine Haul &#8211; Rolling Resistance A pavement is \u2018A road surface that can adequately support the weight of traversing traffic without excessive deterioration of the surface caused by the traffic.\u2019 (Kaufman &amp; Ault 1977) A typical pavement consists of a wearing course, a base, subbase and subgrade layer. All layers work together to provide a suitable road. The strains induced within flexible pavements are mostly elastic (i.e. recoverable) however, every vertical strain is not fully recoverable. Therefore, after many load repetitions permanent deformations accumulate at the subgrade level and throughout all pavement layers. These deformations may be seen in the form of rutting along the wheel path and surface roughness (Jameson 2012). Unbound materials are susceptible to permanent deformation. In mine haul applications, multiple thick layers are required to disperse loads to the subgrade. Figure 4: Mine Haul &#8211; Stress Distribution There are many design methods available for mine-haul roads. This chart below shows the Kaufmen Aults method, which is a conservative mechanistic method. Note how thick the pavement subbase needs to be with unbound materials, especially if the subgrade is poor and the vehicles are heavy. Figure 5: BMA CBR Design Cover Curve (BMA Projects Group 2012) Various design methods Structural analysis (critical strains or stresses) Kaufman and Ault\u2019s Method \u2013 Empirical CBR method Ahlvin\u2019s Method \u2013 Thickness over Subgrade CBR Tannant &amp; Regensburg\u2019s Method \u2013 Critical Strain \/ Resilient Modulus Thompson\u2019s Method \u2013 Mechanistic Austroads Sublayering CIRCLY \u2013 layered elastic According to Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology Part 4A: Granular Base and Subbase Materials (AGPT04A-24): The functions of a granular subbase layer in a pavement are as follows: provide sufficient stiffness to distribute traffic loads transmitted through the pavement base, reducing their intensity to a level which will not cause excessive permanent deformation of the subgrade provide a working platform on which base materials can be transported, placed and compacted to the required standards depending on the pavement design requirements, drain the base and\/or protect the subgrade from moisture infiltration, e.g. the lower subbase may be relatively impermeable whilst the upper subbase may be more permeable provided it is constructed in conjunction with appropriate sub-surface drainage. \u00a0The behaviour of granular materials in service is governed by many factors which are related to the following: the intrinsic properties of coarse particles, including hardness, surface friction and contamination, and the geological origin and history of the source rock from which the material is derived manufactured aggregate properties such as particle shape, size and surface texture, particle size distribution, fractured faces, nature and quantity of fine particles, and fillers \u2013 these factors are related to processes used during manufacture to produce the final product compacted layer properties such as density, moisture content and particle orientation, which are in turn related to the construction and compaction processes boundary conditions such as in<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":32364,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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